The back gear shaft or spindle will have either oil cups, ball oilers, or grease cups for the bearings or bushings at each end. These get either oil or grease depending upon what type they are. Apply lube until the back gears spin freely.
You should remove the belt from the gearbox, pull the direct drive pin out of the bull gear and confirm that the step spindle pulley spins freely without turning the spindle. From your previous description, odds are that it won't. As Ken said, find the oil plug screw, remove it and flush with something like Varsol until the pulley spins freely on the spindle. Then flood the oil port with probably SAE 20. After you get it freed up, the pulley bushings should be oiled at least every time that you use back gears or once a month, whichever is shorter.
After you have the back gears and the spindle pulley both turning freely without the spindle turning, coat all four gears with some type of hy-tack open gear lube. An oily or greasy machine may not look nice but at least it won't be wearing itself out every time that the spindle turns over.