Cool,
I know nothing of your lathe or how it is set up. If its a Pratt and Whitney 12x36, you have a gem weighting a ton or more, if you have the typical 12x36 chinese lathe on a sheet metal stand then that is a different ball of wax. I don't know much about your experience on different machines so do not take this as criticism if you all ready know this.....
Surface finish can be compromised by
1. flimsy stands
2. crappy floors
3. single phase power, or power that is not consistent in frequency or voltage
4. gear heads that transmit vibration as apposed to a nice belt drive lathe
5. type of bearings and how well they are mounted. ABEC 7 bearings that are matched are gonna be worlds better than the swill they put in $2K 12x36 lathes. Call Monarch up and ask em how much for a new set of bearings for a 10EE or 1000EE... gonna cost more than any chinese 12x36 lathe does. likewise a leadscrew for a 10EE is stupid expensive, but if you want to cut beautiful threads......
6. tooling , how sharp, what radius, positive or negative rake, what speeds what feeds, are you going to put back pressure on the carriage feed, are you going to lean on lathe, you better not move, or it will show unless your machine is the rock of Gibraltar .
If surface finish was my # 1 concern on my recent purchase I would have bought an old Southbend belt drive lathe and hand scraped the bearings myself or better yet found someone with a better clue and had them do it for me. But I still would have had a light duty lathe. Plain bearings, belt drive are very desirable for surface finish. Almost no one uses plain bearing because the wear, are difficult to scrape in properly to close tolerances. I believe DSG was the last company to make a heavy duty lathe with plain bearings.
I made a compromise in what I bought, I knew that going in. 13K for a new 1640 is comical. The Koreans would charge 30K, Japan does not make manual lathes anymore. Monarch would rebuild your old 1640 for you and would likely run 50K plus. You want great surface finish and heavy duty, I am not sure its going to happen. If I just wanted to do small work and surface finish was my plum, I would look at Wade toolroom lathe, Hendey toolroom lathe, HLVH, Monarch 10EE or 1000EE, Rivett, the rare Sidney and Southbend imitations of the 10EE or the Euro precision machines which I have never seen.
If I wanted hogging capability (that is relative) I would look at PM 1640HD and then get a pristine little toolroom lathe for finish work. I don't pretend to know all about lathes, surface finish, or machining, I do know that people do admirable work on HF 7 x 10s and dreadful work on much more esteemed equipment. Myself I enjoy using well thought out tools, certainly the 10ee qualifies, the Griz 1640 I think will fill a void for me and give me a back up when my 60 year old lathe takes a vacation. I would not pretend for a minute that it is anything but a price point machine that covers a lot of bases rather well and excels in the variable speed with torque dept, but in the end is a light to medium duty gear head lathe made by people who don't give a rip about building the best ever.
Your needs or wants may be way different than mine. If you want to see it go round and round, you are welcome with advance notice. I like Laphroaig whiskey, but am flexible.
One last thought, if you are looking for beef and well built, if you see a Mazak manual 16" run fast with cash in hand. They are very, very nice, but rare, built like a Mori.
michael